-
1 information request response
ответ на запрос информации
(МСЭ-Т Н.225).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > information request response
-
2 request
1. n( for smth) запрос; просьба; заявка; требованиеto accede to smb's request — удовлетворять чью-л. просьбу
to agree to requests by a country — соглашаться удовлетворить требования какой-л. страны
to comply with a request — выполнять запрос / заявку
to consider smb's request sympathetically — положительно рассматривать чью-л. просьбу
to formulate a request — готовить / составлять / формулировать запрос
to get one's request through — добиваться удовлетворения своей просьбы ( в конгрессе)
to make a request — делать запрос; обращаться с просьбой
to receive a request — получать запрос / заявку
to refuse / to repulse a request — отказывать в просьбе
to respond to a request — реагировать на запрос / заявку / просьбу
to send a request (to smb) — направлять / посылать запрос (кому-л.)
- aid requestto turn down flatly a request — категорически / наотрез отказываться удовлетворить просьбу
- appraisal of the request
- at smb's request
- credit request
- extradition request
- in accordance with your request
- in line with smb's request
- in response to requests by smb
- mounting number of requests
- procurement request
- project request
- rejection of a request
- request for a delay of the execution
- request for smth
- request from smb
- specific request
- under a Freedom of Information request
- upon smb's request
- urgent request
- within 24 hours of a request
- written request 2. vпросить; запрашивать; требовать -
3 response mechanism
Mktga means of reply such as a coupon or reply card in an advertisement or mail shot by which customers can request further information -
4 IRR
1) Общая лексика: Внутренняя норма доходности, Institute for Risk Research2) Медицина: infusion-related reaction (инфузионная реакция)3) Военный термин: Integrated Radio Room, Intelligence Readiness Report, Intelligence Requirement Request, immediate ready reserve, improved rearming rates, individual ready reserve, individual ready reservist, individual retirement record, infrared radiometer, infrared rays, infrared receiver, infrared reflectance, infrared reflective, interim release request4) Техника: Institute for Reactor Research, Israeli Research Reactor5) Экономика: внутренняя норма окупаемости инвестиций (internal rate of return)6) Бухгалтерия: внутренняя норма рентабельности (internal rate of return)7) Сокращение: Individual Ready Reserve (USA), Infra-Red Radiation, Integral Rocket / Ramjet, Integrated Radio Room (USA)8) Вычислительная техника: Interrupt Request Register (IC)9) Нефть: internal revenue rate, investment rate of return10) Банковское дело: внутренняя ставка дохода (internal rate of return), иранский риал (Iranian rial)11) Деловая лексика: Information Request Response12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: initial recoverable reserves, ВНР (internal rate of return), внутренняя норма прибыли (Internal Rate of Ruturn), возврат на вложенный капитал (Internal Rate of Ruturn), норма возврата инвестиций (Internal Rate of Ruturn)13) Инвестиции: Iranian rial, internal rate of return14) НАСА: Infra Red Resistant -
5 irr
1) Общая лексика: Внутренняя норма доходности, Institute for Risk Research2) Медицина: infusion-related reaction (инфузионная реакция)3) Военный термин: Integrated Radio Room, Intelligence Readiness Report, Intelligence Requirement Request, immediate ready reserve, improved rearming rates, individual ready reserve, individual ready reservist, individual retirement record, infrared radiometer, infrared rays, infrared receiver, infrared reflectance, infrared reflective, interim release request4) Техника: Institute for Reactor Research, Israeli Research Reactor5) Экономика: внутренняя норма окупаемости инвестиций (internal rate of return)6) Бухгалтерия: внутренняя норма рентабельности (internal rate of return)7) Сокращение: Individual Ready Reserve (USA), Infra-Red Radiation, Integral Rocket / Ramjet, Integrated Radio Room (USA)8) Вычислительная техника: Interrupt Request Register (IC)9) Нефть: internal revenue rate, investment rate of return10) Банковское дело: внутренняя ставка дохода (internal rate of return), иранский риал (Iranian rial)11) Деловая лексика: Information Request Response12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: initial recoverable reserves, ВНР (internal rate of return), внутренняя норма прибыли (Internal Rate of Ruturn), возврат на вложенный капитал (Internal Rate of Ruturn), норма возврата инвестиций (Internal Rate of Ruturn)13) Инвестиции: Iranian rial, internal rate of return14) НАСА: Infra Red Resistant -
6 irr
- ответ на запрос информации
- внутренняя ставка дохода
- внутренняя норма рентабельности
- внутренняя норма прибыли
- внутренняя норма доходности (в информационных технологиях)
- внутренняя норма доходности
внутренняя норма доходности
внутренняя ставка доходности
внутренняя ставка отдачи
Один из основных критериев оценки инвестиционных проектов (доходности единицы вложенного капитала) - ставка дисконта, при которой выполняется равенство суммы дисконтированных доходов по проекту (положительного денежного потока) дисконтированной сумме инвестиций (отрицательному денежному потоку), т.е. чистая приведенная стоимость (NPV) равна нулю. В.н.д. отражает как отдачу инвестированного капитала в целом, так и отдачу первоначальных инвестиций, является основным вознаграждением потенциальных инвесторов. Главное правило: если В.н.д. меньше требуемой инвесторами ставки дохода на вложенный капитал, проект отвергается, если больше - может быть принят.
[ОАО РАО "ЕЭС России" СТО 17330282.27.010.001-2008]
внутренняя норма доходности
IRR
Иногда называется также внутренней нормой прибыли, рентабельности, возврата инвестиций; один из основных критериев оценки инвестиционных проектов (доходности единицы вложенного капитала) - ставка дисконта, при которой выполняется равенство суммы дисконтированных доходов по проекту (положительного денежного потока) дисконтированной сумме инвестиций (отрицательному денежному потоку, приведенному объему инвестиций), т. е. чистая приведенная стоимость (NPV) равна нулю. В.н.д. отражает как отдачу инвестированного капитала в целом, так и отдачу первоначальных инвестиций, является основным вознаграждением потенциальных инвесторов. Анализ В.н.д. (прибыли) отвечает на главный вопрос размещения капиталов: насколько ожидаемый от проекта денежный поток оправдает затраты на инвестиции в этот проект. Поэтому компании рассчитывают ожидаемый IRR каждого проекта и сравнивают с требуемой нормой прибыли (рентабельности), т. е. со стоимостью своего капитала. Этот расчет обычно ведется методом проб и ошибок, путем последовательного применения к чистому денежному потоку приведенных стоимостей при различных ставках процента. Главное правило: если В.н.д. меньше требуемой инвесторами ставки дохода на вложенный капитал — проект отвергается, если больше — может быть принят. То же: Внутренняя ставка доходности, Внутренняя ставка отдачи. См. также Коэффициент окупаемости капитальных вложений.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя норма доходности
ВНД
(ITIL Service Strategy)
Техника, используемая для принятия решений относительно капитальных затрат. Внутренняя норма доходности (irr) - это численный показатель для сравнения двух или нескольких альтернативных инвестиций. Более высокий показатель внутренней нормы доходности указывает на более выгодные инвестиции.
См. тж. чистая приведенная стоимость; возврат инвестиций.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]EN
internal rate of return
IRR
(ITIL Service Strategy)
A technique used to help make decisions about capital expenditure. It calculates a figure that allows two or more alternative investments to be compared. A larger internal rate of return indicates a better investment.
See also net present value; return on investment.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя норма прибыли
норма прибыли с поправкой на время
Ставка дисконтирования, при которой чистая текущая стоимость денежных выплат и поступлений равна нулю. Называется также Нормой прибыли с поправкой на время (Time-Adjusted Rate of Return). В соответствии с Распоряжением федерального управления по делам о несостоятельности (банкротстве) от 5 декабря 1994 г. N 98-р, внутренняя норма прибыли (внутренний предельный уровень доходности, IRR) - специальная ставка дисконта, при которой суммы поступлений и отчислений денежных средств дают нулевую чистую текущую приведенную стоимость, т.е. приведенная стоимость денежных поступлений равна приведенной стоимости отчислений денежных средств.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/uprav/index.html]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя норма рентабельности
показатель окупаемости
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя ставка дохода
Норма прибыли, которая дисконтирует чистую текущую стоимость (net present value) проекта до нуля. Этот метод используется в сочетании с методом дисконтирования поступлений наличности (discounted cash flow) для того, чтобы исходя из поступлений наличности от проекта определить норму прибыли на инвестиционные затраты. Если внутренняя ставка дохода превышает рыночную ставку процента-проект является прибыльным. Для оценки проекта внутренняя ставка дохода обычно считается менее надежным показателем, чем действительная чистая текущая стоимость.
Во-первых, если доходы в различные периоды колеблются и могут быть то положительными, то отрицательными, получить единую внутреннюю ставку невозможно.
Во-вторых, обычно ее показатели выше для проектов более прибыльных в начальный период эксплуатации, даже если их чистая текущая стоимость мала.
См. также: payback period (период окупаемости инвестиций).
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]Тематики
EN
ответ на запрос информации
(МСЭ-Т Н.225).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > irr
-
7 IR
1) Общая лексика: инв (участок молекулы нуклеиновой кислоты, два сегмента которого имеют одинаковую нуклеотидную последовательность, но противоположную её ориентацию: Ц - А - Ц - Т - Т - Г.. Г - Т - Т - Ц - А - Ц... частным случаем И. п. является палиндром), связи с инвесторами (investor relations), отдел по связям с инвесторами2) Компьютерная техника: Index Return, Interim Release3) Медицина: immediate release (таблетка с быстрым высвобождением активного вещества - IR tablet), immunoreactivity4) Разговорное выражение: I am5) Американизм: Immunization Registry6) Военный термин: Illumination Rate, Impulse Response, Incident Record, Induced Radiation, Infantry Regiment, Information Ratio, Information Requirement, Initial Radiation, Intelligence Information Report, Internal Replenishment, illuminator radar, immunization rate, incident rate, increased readiness, independent research, indicator reading, industrial relations, informal report, information report, information request, information requirements, information retrieval, infrared radiation, infrared radiometer, initial release, inspection record, inspection release, inspection report, inspector's report, instrument reading, instrumentation report, instrumentation requirements, intelligence ratio, intelligence report, intelligence requirement, intelligence review, interim report, intermediate range, intermediate register, intermediate review, internal report, internal review, interpretation report, interrogation report, interrogator- responder, interval rate, investigation record, ИК-излучение, ИК-область спектра, инфракрасные лучи, тепловой7) Техника: Institute of Refrigeration, image restitution, individual reception, infrared spectroscopy, innovations representation, input ready, integrated rack8) Математика: Irreducible Representation, межквартильный размах (interquartile range)9) Метеорология: Interaction Region, Interregional Research10) Бухгалтерия: Income Ratio, inherent risk11) Биржевой термин: Installation Restoration, Investor Relations12) Политика: Iran13) Телевидение: infrared rays14) Телекоммуникации: Ingress Router, Instruction Register, International Roaming, ИК15) Сокращение: Index Register, Individual Reinforcement, Infra-Red, Interrogator-Responder, Investigation Report, Iran (NATO country code)16) Университет: In Relation, Institutional Research17) Физиология: Insulin Resistance, Internal Rotation18) Вычислительная техника: Internet Registry, intermediate representation, interrupt register, Interface Repository (ORB), регистр команд, регистр прерываний19) Нефть: hydrocarbon resistivity index, injection rate, inner row, soil voltage drop, взаимозаменяемость и возможность замены, скорость закачки (injection rate)20) Генетика: inverted repeat21) Транспорт: Interval Restriction22) Фирменный знак: International Resistor Corporation23) Деловая лексика: связи с инвесторами (Investor Relations( as part of PR))24) Бытовая техника: инфракрасное излучение, инфракрасный25) Бурение: скорость нагнетания закачки (injection rate)26) Сетевые технологии: infrared27) Полимеры: India rubber, International Registration, insoluble residue, insulation resistance, internal resistance, isoprene rubber28) Программирование: Insert Relation29) Автоматика: industrial robot, information robot30) Контроль качества: interchangeability and replaceability31) Полупроводники: infared spectroscopy32) Сахалин А: individual risk, infra red, interactive ratio33) Химическое оружие: infrared spectrometry34) Макаров: incident report, infrared range35) SAP.тех. поступление счета-фактуры36) Электротехника: instrument readings37) Hi-Fi. инфракрасный (о пультах дистанционного управления, использующих для дистанционной передачи команд инфракрасное излучение, длина волны которого больше, чем у видимого красного света)38) Должность: Industrial Research, International Relations39) Чат: I Remember40) NYSE. Ingersoll Rand Company -
8 Ir
1) Общая лексика: инв (участок молекулы нуклеиновой кислоты, два сегмента которого имеют одинаковую нуклеотидную последовательность, но противоположную её ориентацию: Ц - А - Ц - Т - Т - Г.. Г - Т - Т - Ц - А - Ц... частным случаем И. п. является палиндром), связи с инвесторами (investor relations), отдел по связям с инвесторами2) Компьютерная техника: Index Return, Interim Release3) Медицина: immediate release (таблетка с быстрым высвобождением активного вещества - IR tablet), immunoreactivity4) Разговорное выражение: I am5) Американизм: Immunization Registry6) Военный термин: Illumination Rate, Impulse Response, Incident Record, Induced Radiation, Infantry Regiment, Information Ratio, Information Requirement, Initial Radiation, Intelligence Information Report, Internal Replenishment, illuminator radar, immunization rate, incident rate, increased readiness, independent research, indicator reading, industrial relations, informal report, information report, information request, information requirements, information retrieval, infrared radiation, infrared radiometer, initial release, inspection record, inspection release, inspection report, inspector's report, instrument reading, instrumentation report, instrumentation requirements, intelligence ratio, intelligence report, intelligence requirement, intelligence review, interim report, intermediate range, intermediate register, intermediate review, internal report, internal review, interpretation report, interrogation report, interrogator- responder, interval rate, investigation record, ИК-излучение, ИК-область спектра, инфракрасные лучи, тепловой7) Техника: Institute of Refrigeration, image restitution, individual reception, infrared spectroscopy, innovations representation, input ready, integrated rack8) Математика: Irreducible Representation, межквартильный размах (interquartile range)9) Метеорология: Interaction Region, Interregional Research10) Бухгалтерия: Income Ratio, inherent risk11) Биржевой термин: Installation Restoration, Investor Relations12) Политика: Iran13) Телевидение: infrared rays14) Телекоммуникации: Ingress Router, Instruction Register, International Roaming, ИК15) Сокращение: Index Register, Individual Reinforcement, Infra-Red, Interrogator-Responder, Investigation Report, Iran (NATO country code)16) Университет: In Relation, Institutional Research17) Физиология: Insulin Resistance, Internal Rotation18) Вычислительная техника: Internet Registry, intermediate representation, interrupt register, Interface Repository (ORB), регистр команд, регистр прерываний19) Нефть: hydrocarbon resistivity index, injection rate, inner row, soil voltage drop, взаимозаменяемость и возможность замены, скорость закачки (injection rate)20) Генетика: inverted repeat21) Транспорт: Interval Restriction22) Фирменный знак: International Resistor Corporation23) Деловая лексика: связи с инвесторами (Investor Relations( as part of PR))24) Бытовая техника: инфракрасное излучение, инфракрасный25) Бурение: скорость нагнетания закачки (injection rate)26) Сетевые технологии: infrared27) Полимеры: India rubber, International Registration, insoluble residue, insulation resistance, internal resistance, isoprene rubber28) Программирование: Insert Relation29) Автоматика: industrial robot, information robot30) Контроль качества: interchangeability and replaceability31) Полупроводники: infared spectroscopy32) Сахалин А: individual risk, infra red, interactive ratio33) Химическое оружие: infrared spectrometry34) Макаров: incident report, infrared range35) SAP.тех. поступление счета-фактуры36) Электротехника: instrument readings37) Hi-Fi. инфракрасный (о пультах дистанционного управления, использующих для дистанционной передачи команд инфракрасное излучение, длина волны которого больше, чем у видимого красного света)38) Должность: Industrial Research, International Relations39) Чат: I Remember40) NYSE. Ingersoll Rand Company -
9 ir
1) Общая лексика: инв (участок молекулы нуклеиновой кислоты, два сегмента которого имеют одинаковую нуклеотидную последовательность, но противоположную её ориентацию: Ц - А - Ц - Т - Т - Г.. Г - Т - Т - Ц - А - Ц... частным случаем И. п. является палиндром), связи с инвесторами (investor relations), отдел по связям с инвесторами2) Компьютерная техника: Index Return, Interim Release3) Медицина: immediate release (таблетка с быстрым высвобождением активного вещества - IR tablet), immunoreactivity4) Разговорное выражение: I am5) Американизм: Immunization Registry6) Военный термин: Illumination Rate, Impulse Response, Incident Record, Induced Radiation, Infantry Regiment, Information Ratio, Information Requirement, Initial Radiation, Intelligence Information Report, Internal Replenishment, illuminator radar, immunization rate, incident rate, increased readiness, independent research, indicator reading, industrial relations, informal report, information report, information request, information requirements, information retrieval, infrared radiation, infrared radiometer, initial release, inspection record, inspection release, inspection report, inspector's report, instrument reading, instrumentation report, instrumentation requirements, intelligence ratio, intelligence report, intelligence requirement, intelligence review, interim report, intermediate range, intermediate register, intermediate review, internal report, internal review, interpretation report, interrogation report, interrogator- responder, interval rate, investigation record, ИК-излучение, ИК-область спектра, инфракрасные лучи, тепловой7) Техника: Institute of Refrigeration, image restitution, individual reception, infrared spectroscopy, innovations representation, input ready, integrated rack8) Математика: Irreducible Representation, межквартильный размах (interquartile range)9) Метеорология: Interaction Region, Interregional Research10) Бухгалтерия: Income Ratio, inherent risk11) Биржевой термин: Installation Restoration, Investor Relations12) Политика: Iran13) Телевидение: infrared rays14) Телекоммуникации: Ingress Router, Instruction Register, International Roaming, ИК15) Сокращение: Index Register, Individual Reinforcement, Infra-Red, Interrogator-Responder, Investigation Report, Iran (NATO country code)16) Университет: In Relation, Institutional Research17) Физиология: Insulin Resistance, Internal Rotation18) Вычислительная техника: Internet Registry, intermediate representation, interrupt register, Interface Repository (ORB), регистр команд, регистр прерываний19) Нефть: hydrocarbon resistivity index, injection rate, inner row, soil voltage drop, взаимозаменяемость и возможность замены, скорость закачки (injection rate)20) Генетика: inverted repeat21) Транспорт: Interval Restriction22) Фирменный знак: International Resistor Corporation23) Деловая лексика: связи с инвесторами (Investor Relations( as part of PR))24) Бытовая техника: инфракрасное излучение, инфракрасный25) Бурение: скорость нагнетания закачки (injection rate)26) Сетевые технологии: infrared27) Полимеры: India rubber, International Registration, insoluble residue, insulation resistance, internal resistance, isoprene rubber28) Программирование: Insert Relation29) Автоматика: industrial robot, information robot30) Контроль качества: interchangeability and replaceability31) Полупроводники: infared spectroscopy32) Сахалин А: individual risk, infra red, interactive ratio33) Химическое оружие: infrared spectrometry34) Макаров: incident report, infrared range35) SAP.тех. поступление счета-фактуры36) Электротехника: instrument readings37) Hi-Fi. инфракрасный (о пультах дистанционного управления, использующих для дистанционной передачи команд инфракрасное излучение, длина волны которого больше, чем у видимого красного света)38) Должность: Industrial Research, International Relations39) Чат: I Remember40) NYSE. Ingersoll Rand Company -
10 IRF
1) Компьютерная техника: Inherited Rights And Filters2) Медицина: immature reticulocyte fraction3) Военный термин: Imagery Readiness Facility, Intelligence Readiness Facility, induced radiation flux, instant ready force, interrogation repetition frequency, interrupted rapid fire4) Техника: interference reduction factor5) Шутливое выражение: Invisible Robot Fish, Islamic Republic Of France6) Экономика: investment recovery factor, стоимость товара через какое-то время (т.е. объем возврата вложений)7) Сокращение: Immediate Reaction Force (NATO), International Road Federation, Instrument Response Function8) Физиология: Internal Rotation in Flexion9) Вычислительная техника: Integer Register File (DEC, Alpha, CPU), файл индексных регистров10) Социология: (International Renaissance Foundation, Ukrainian Soros Foundation МФВ11) СМИ: Interrupted Return Feed12) Деловая лексика: Initiation Response And Feedback13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: information request form14) Нефтепромысловый: Международный форум регуляторов (International Regulators Forum)15) Сетевые технологии: Inherited Rights Filter, фильтр наследуемых полномочий16) Химическое оружие: Installation Reserve Force17) Макаров: infrared fluorescence18) Расширение файла: Intermediate Routing Function, Inheritance Rights Filter (Novell)19) Военно-политический термин: Immediate Reaction Force20) NYSE. International Rectifier Corporation -
11 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
12 marketing
сущ.1) эк. торговля, реализация, продажа, сбыт (процесс передачи товаров от производителей промежуточным или конечным потребителям)ATTRIBUTES: cooperative, direct 1. 3), domestic 1. 2) а), global 1. 1) а), local 1. 1) а), mass 3. 1) а), national 1. 1) а), regional
See:cooperative marketing 2), direct marketing 2), domestic marketing 2), global marketing 2), 1), local marketing 2), mass marketing 2), national marketing 2), regional marketing 2) marketing authority, marketing behaviour 2), marketing board, marketing contract, marketing facilities 1), marketing level 2), marketing outlet 2), marketing permit, marketing position 2), marketing potential 2), marketing quota, marketing territory, marketing transaction 2), marketing year, usual marketing requirements, advertising, selling, merchandising2) марк. маркетинг (система методов и средств продвижения товаров или услуг от производителя к потребителю; включает анализ рынка, дизайн, разработку упаковки, разработку системы сбыта, рекламу и т. д.)marketing director — маркетинговый директор, директор по маркетингу
marketing expert — маркетинговый эксперт, эксперт в области маркетинга
marketing expertise — маркетинговая экспертиза, экспертная оценка в области маркетинга
Do we need to improve marketing or simply drop a particular product? — Нужно ли нам улучшить маркетинг или лучше отказаться от какого-л. продукта?
Internet marketing is not as difficult as it sounds. — Маркетинг в интернет не так сложен, как может показаться.
ATTRIBUTES: affinity, agricultural, ambush, back end, bank, bench, brand, business site, business-to-business, buzz, catalogue, cause-related, celebrity, circulation, competitive, concentrated 1) а), consumer goods, consumer, consumer-oriented, convergent, conversion, cooperative, corporate, counter, cross, customized, database, data-driven, developing, differentiated, dimensional, direct mail, direct, direct response, divergent, domestic 2) а), door-to-door, electronic, enlightened, ethnic, event, exponential, export 3. 2) а), farm 1. 1) а), financial 1. 2) а), foreign 1. 1) б), fraudulent, front end, full-scale, generic, geodemographic, global 1. 1) б), grassroots, green, grey, health care, housing, idea, incentive, industrial 1. 1) а), а, innovative, integrated, interactive, international, Internet, joint, knowledge-based, leveraged, list, local 1. 1) а), mass, media, multichannel, multilevel, multisegment, multistep, national 1. 1) а), negative option, network, niche, non-profit, one-step, one-to-one, on-line, operational, opt-in, opt-out, organic, organizational, permission, person, personal, personnel, place, product, product-differentiated, product-oriented, promotion, promotional, referral, regional, request, retail, scientific, segmented, sense-of-mission, service 1. 2) а), shopper, social, societal, sports, stimulating, strategic, structure, supporting, symbiotic, synchro, tactical, target 3. 2) а), targeted, telephone, television, test, trade, undifferentiated, unsegmented, vacation, value, vendor, video, viral, world
See:affinity marketing, agricultural marketing, agrimarketing, ambush marketing, back end marketing, back-end marketing, bank marketing, benchmarketing, brand marketing, business site marketing, business-to-business marketing, buzz marketing, catalogue marketing, cause-related marketing, celebrity marketing, circulation marketing, comarketing, co-marketing, competitive marketing, concentrated marketing, consumer goods marketing, consumer marketing, consumer-oriented marketing, convergent marketing, conversion marketing, cooperative marketing 1), corporate marketing, countermarketing, counter-marketing, cross-marketing, customized marketing, database marketing, data-driven marketing, demarketing, developing marketing, differentiated marketing, dimensional marketing, direct mail marketing, direct marketing 1), direct response marketing, direct-mail marketing, divergent marketing, domestic marketing 1), door-to-door marketing, electronic marketing, e-marketing, enlightened marketing, ethnic marketing, event marketing, events marketing, exponential marketing, export marketing, farm marketing, financial marketing, foreign marketing, fraudulent marketing, front end marketing, front-end marketing, full-scale marketing, generic marketing, geodemographic marketing, global marketing 1), grassroots marketing, green marketing, grey marketing, health care marketing, housing marketing, idea marketing, incentive marketing, industrial marketing, innovative marketing, integrated marketing, interactive marketing, international marketing, 2), joint marketing, knowledge-based marketing, leveraged marketing, list marketing, local marketing 1), macromarketing, mass marketing 1), media marketing, megamarketing, micromarketing, micro-marketing, multilevel marketing, multisegment marketing, multistep marketing, multi-step marketing, national marketing 1), negative option marketing, network marketing, niche marketing, non-profit marketing, one-step marketing, one-to-one marketing, on-line marketing, operational marketing, opt-in marketing, opt-out marketing, organic marketing, organizational marketing, permission marketing, person marketing, personal marketing, personnel marketing, place marketing, political candidate marketing, political marketing, pre-emptive marketing, premarketing, pre-marketing, product marketing, product-differentiated marketing, product-oriented marketing, promotion marketing, promotional marketing, referral marketing, regional marketing 1), remarketing, request marketing, retail marketing, scientific marketing, segmented marketing, sense-of-mission marketing, services marketing, shopper marketing, social marketing, societal marketing, sports marketing, stimulating marketing, strategic marketing, structure marketing, supporting marketing, symbiotic marketing, synchro marketing, synchromarketing, tactical marketing, target marketing, targeted marketing, telemarketing, telephone marketing, television marketing, test marketing, trade marketing, undifferentiated marketing, unsegmented marketing, vacation marketing, value marketing, vendor marketing, video marketing, viral marketing, world marketing, marketing action, marketing administration, marketing agency, marketing agreement, marketing analysis, marketing analyst, marketing appeal, marketing approach, marketing area, marketing arithmetic, marketing audit, marketing auditor, marketing behaviour 1), marketing bill, marketing budget, marketing campaign, marketing capability, marketing career, marketing chain, marketing channel, marketing communications, marketing company, marketing concept, marketing consultant, marketing control, marketing cooperation, marketing cooperative, marketing cost, marketing database, marketing decision, marketing department, marketing editor, marketing effectiveness, marketing efficiency, marketing environment, marketing ethics, marketing evaluation, marketing event, marketing expenditure, marketing expense, marketing expense-to-sales analysis, marketing experiment, marketing facilities 2), marketing feasibility, marketing firm, marketing function, marketing image, marketing implications, marketing information system, marketing instrument, marketing intelligence, marketing intermediary, marketing launch, marketing level 1), marketing logistics, marketing man, marketing management, marketing manager, marketing margin, marketing media, marketing medium, marketing middleman, marketing mix, marketing model, marketing myopia, marketing niche, marketing offer, marketing opportunity, marketing organization, marketing orientation, marketing outlet 1), marketing overkill, marketing performance, marketing plan, marketing planning, marketing position 1), marketing positioning, marketing potential 1), marketing productivity, marketing representative, marketing research, marketing response, marketing risk, marketing science, marketing scientist, marketing segmentation, marketing service, marketing specialist, marketing spread, marketing stimulus, marketing strategy, marketing strength, marketing support, marketing system, marketing tactics, marketing technique, marketing tool, marketing transaction 1), marketing value, marketing warfare, marketing weakness, advertising, pricing, promotion, product line, ICC / ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Journal of Marketing, Marketing Society, American Marketing Association, British Institute of Marketing, Chartered Institute of Marketing, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation3) торг. покупка продуктов (как правило, на рынке), закупка провизииI could prove that any male could do the weekly marketing at our local Ding Dong faster than any Mom. — Могу сказать с уверенностью, что любой мужчина может закупать провизию в нашем местном "Динг-Донге" быстрее домохозяйки.
See:4) потр., редк. предметы торговли; купленные товары [продукты\]See:
* * *
маркетинг: система методов и средств продвижения товаров от производителя к потребителю; включает анализ рынка, дизайн, разработку упаковки, организацию сбыта, рекламу и т. д.* * *. система организации производственно-сбытовой деятельности предприятия, в основе которой лежит комплексное изучение рынка, оценка и учет всех условий производства и сбыта продукции, товаров, услуг в ближайшее и более отдаленной перспективе. Основными элементами М. выступают: маркетинговые исследования и сбор информации, планирование ассортимента продукции, реализация, реклама и стимулирование сбыта. . Словарь экономических терминов 1 .* * *маркетинг’процесс выявления, максимизации и удовлетворения потребительского спроса на изделия компании -
13 IRP
1) Общая лексика: (independent review panel) независимая комиссия по проверке2) Компьютерная техника: Information Retrieval Protocol3) Медицина: interventional reference point5) Военный термин: ice on runway-patchy, improved replenishment program, in-flight reporting post, in-process review, industrial readiness planning, infrared radiation profile, intelligence report plan6) Техника: incident response plan, initial boiling point, initial receiving point, input/output request packet, intermediate rotating plug7) Химия: ИК-отражающие пигменты8) Юридический термин: Investigative Review Panel9) Бухгалтерия: Intermediary Relending Program10) Телекоммуникации: Independent Routing Processor11) Сокращение: Individual Reinforcement Plan, Islamic Renaissance Party (Afghanistan), I/O Request Packet12) Университет: Intensive Research Project13) Физиология: Iron Regulatory Protein14) Вычислительная техника: Infinite Resource Planning, Interrupt Request Packet, I/O Request Packet (I/O)15) Нефть: ice-resistant platform, ice-resistant platforms, рекомендованные для промышленности практики работ (Industry Recommended Practice)16) Иммунология: Interrupted Renewal Process17) Фирменный знак: Independent Research Provider18) Деловая лексика: Integrated Resource Package, Integrated Resource Plan19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: ЛСП (ice-resistant platform), ледостойкая платформа (ice-resistant platform), ледостойкие платформы (ice-resistant platformsя), Interposing relay panel20) Образование: Independent Reading Program, Independent Reading Project, Individualized Reading Program22) Сахалин Р: ice-resistant platform23) Химическое оружие: Installation Restoration Program24) Фармация: International Reference Panel -
14 system
1) система || системный2) система; установка; устройство; комплекс3) программа•- adaptive control system
- address selection system
- addressing system
- advice-giving system
- AI planning system
- AI system
- analog computing system
- analog-digital computing system
- analysis information system
- application system
- arabic number system
- arithmetic system
- assembly system
- asymmetrical system
- atomic system
- attached processor system
- audio system
- authoring system
- automated office system
- automatic block system
- automatic checkout system
- automatic control system
- automatic search system
- automatic test system
- automatically programmed system
- automatically taught system
- autoprogrammable system
- axiomatic system
- backup system
- bad system
- bang-bang system
- base-2 system
- basic system
- batch-processing system
- binary system
- binary-coded decimal system
- binary-number system
- biquinary system
- bit-mapped system
- bit-slice system
- black-board expert system
- block parity system
- buddy system
- business system
- bus-oriented system
- bussed system
- CAD system
- call-reply system
- carrier system
- cause-controlled system
- character recognition system
- character-reading system
- chargeback system
- check sum error-detecting system
- chip-layout system
- clock system
- closed loop system
- closed system
- co-authoring system
- code recognition system
- code system
- coded-decimal system
- code-dependent system
- code-insensitive system
- code-sensitive system
- code-transparent system
- coding system
- coincident selection system
- cold system
- color-coded system
- command system
- common-bus system
- communication data system
- communications-oriented system
- complete articulated system
- computer system
- computer-aided design system
- computer-aided system
- computer-based system
- computer-based weapon system
- computerized system
- computing system
- concatenated coding system
- concealment system
- conservative system
- contention system
- continuous presence system
- control system
- controlled system
- controlling system
- coordinate system
- cordonnier system
- costrained vision system
- cross system
- crossbar switch system
- data acquisition system
- data collection system
- data exchange system
- data flow system
- data gethering system
- data handling system
- data management system
- data preparation system
- data processing system
- data reduction system
- data retrieval system
- data storage system
- data system
- data transmission system
- database management system
- database support system
- data-managed system
- decimal number system
- decimal system
- decimal numeration system
- decision support system
- decision-aided system
- decision-making system
- decision-support system
- decision-taking system
- decoding selection system
- decomposable system
- dedicated system
- degenerate system
- design library support system
- design-automation system
- design-verification system
- development support system
- development system
- digital communication system
- digital computing system
- direct-current system
- directly coupled system
- discrete system
- discrete-continuous system
- disk operating system
- display system
- distributed database management system
- distributed function system
- distributed intelligence system
- distributed parameter system
- distributed system
- distribution system
- double intermediate tape system
- down system
- drafting system
- dual system
- dual-computer system
- dual-processor system
- duodecimal number system
- duodecimal system
- duotricenary number system
- duotricenary system
- duplexed computer system
- duplex computer system
- dyadic number system
- dyadic system
- dynamic mapping system
- dynamic scene system
- dynamic support system
- electronic data processing system
- electronic sorting system
- encoding system
- equipment adapted data system
- erasing system
- error-controlled system
- error-correcting system
- error-detecting system
- executive file-control system
- executive system
- expert control system
- expert support system
- expert system
- expert-planning system
- externally pulsed system
- fail-safe system
- fail-soft system
- fan-out system
- fault-tolerant system
- feasible system
- federated system
- feed system
- feedback system
- feedforward control system
- fiche retrieval system
- file control system
- file system
- fixed-lenght record system
- fixed-point system
- fixed-radix numeration system
- floating-point system
- fluid transport system
- follow-up system
- forgiving system
- front-end system
- fuzzy expert system
- generic expert system
- geographically distributed system
- goal-seeking system
- good system
- graceful degradation system
- graphic data system
- graphics display system
- graphics system
- help system
- heterogeneous system
- hexadecimal number system
- hexadecimal system - host system
- hostless system
- host-satellite system
- human visual system
- hunting system
- hypermedia system
- imaging system
- incremental system
- independent system
- indirectly coupled system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information retrieval system
- information handling system
- information management system
- information processing system
- information system
- information-feedback system
- in-plant system
- input/output control system
- instruction system
- instrumentation management system
- integrated system
- intelligence system
- interactive control system
- interactive system
- intercommunicating system
- interlock system
- internal number system
- internal system
- Internet-enabled system
- interrupt system
- isolated system
- kernel system
- key-to-disk/tape system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based system
- large-scale computing system
- laser communication system
- layered control system - lexicon-driven system
- library reference system
- local-network system
- long-haul system
- lumped-parameter system
- machine tool control system
- machine-limited system
- machine-oriented programming system
- macroinstruction system
- macro system
- magnetic memory system
- magnetic recording system
- magnetic tape plotting system
- mail message system
- mail system
- mailbox system
- management information system
- man-machine system
- mapping system
- map-reading system
- mass memory system
- mass storage system
- master/slave system
- matrix memory system
- memory driver system
- memory system
- message handling system
- message system
- microcomputer system
- microfilm printing system
- midsplit system
- MIMO system
- mixed-base numbering system
- mixed-base number system
- mixed-radix numeration system
- model-based expert system
- modular system
- monitoring system
- monitor system
- mosaic system - multicomputer system
- multidimensional system
- multifrequency system
- multilevel storage system
- multiloop system
- multimaster communication system
- multimicroprocessor system
- multiple computation system
- multiple-bus system
- multiple-coincident magnetic storage system
- multiple-output control system
- multiplex system
- multiport system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor system
- multiprogramming computer system
- multiprogramming system
- multisite system
- multispeaker system
- multistable system
- multitasking operating system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser computer system
- multiuser system
- multiuser operating system
- multivariable system
- multivariate system
- negative-base number representation system
- negative-base number system
- network operating system
- node-replicated system
- noncomputerized system
- nonconsistently based number system
- nondegenerate system
- number representation system
- numbering system
- number system
- numeral system
- numeration system
- numerical system
- octal number system
- octal system
- office automation system
- off-line system
- on-demand system
- one-level storage system
- one-loop system
- one-over-one address system
- on-line system
- open-ended system
- open system
- open-loop system
- operating system
- operational system
- optical memory system
- overdetermined system
- overload-hold system
- page-on-demand system
- panelboard system
- paper-tape system
- parameter-driven expert system
- pattern recognition system
- peek-a-boo system
- peripheral system
- pipeline system
- polled system
- polymorphic system
- polyphase system
- portable system
- positional representation system
- Post-production system
- priority scheduling system
- priority system
- procedural expert system
- process control system
- processor-sharing system
- production control system
- production system
- program system
- programming system
- protection system
- pulse system
- pulse-or-no-pulse system
- pulse-signal system
- punch card computer system
- pure-binary numeration system
- purposeful system
- quadruplex system
- question-answering system
- queueing system
- queue system
- radix numbering system
- radix number system
- reactive system
- reading system
- real-time expert system
- real-time operating system
- real-time system
- reasoning system
- recognition system
- recording system
- recovery system
- reduntant number system
- reduntant system
- reflected binary number system
- reflected binary system
- refreshment system
- remote-access system
- replicating system
- representation system
- request-repeat system
- rerecording system
- residue number system
- residue system
- resource-sharing system
- restorable system
- retrieval system
- retrieval-only system - robotic system
- robot system
- rule-based expert system
- rule-based system
- scalable system
- selection system
- self-adapting system
- self-adjusting system
- self-aligning system
- self-balancing system
- self-check system
- self-contained system
- self-correcting system
- self-descriptive system
- self-learning system
- self-organizing system
- self-sustained oscillation system
- self-test system
- sensor-based system
- sequential scheduling system
- sexadecimal number system
- sexadecimal system
- shared-files system
- shell expert system
- silicon-development system
- simplex system
- single-drive system
- single-inheritance system
- single-phase clock system
- single-site system
- single-user computer system
- SISO system
- skeletal expert system
- slave system
- soft-sectored disk system
- software system
- sound system
- source code control system
- source-destination system
- space-division system
- stabilizing system
- stable system
- stand-alone system
- start-stop system
- state-determined system
- stepped start-stop system
- stereo system
- stochastically disturbed system
- storage system
- stripped-down expert system
- subsplit system
- supervisor control system
- switching system
- symbolic assembly system
- syntactical system
- system explanation system
- system of logic
- system of notation
- system with delay
- system with time lag
- tabulating system
- tape data processing system
- tape drive system
- tape handling system
- tape operating system
- tape plotting system
- tape resident system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- taught system
- telecommunictions system
- telecontrol system
- terminal system
- ternary number system
- ternary system
- test system
- testbed system
- text-to-speech system
- time-division system
- time-pattern control system
- time-shared system
- time-shared-bus system
- time-sharing system
- timing system
- total system
- translating system
- translation system
- translator writing system
- transmitting system
- tree-structured system
- trusted computer system
- two-failure mode system
- two-level return system
- two-level system
- two-phase clock system
- ultrastable system
- Unified system
- uninterruptible power system
- uniprocessor system
- unrestorable system
- unstable system
- up system
- variable-lenght record system
- virtual system
- virtual-memory operating system
- vision system
- visual system
- voice/audio processing system
- voice-response system
- volunteer system
- weighted number system
- weighted system
- writing system
- xerox copy system
- zero-one systemEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > system
-
15 RIT
1) Компьютерная техника: Release Interface Tape, remote image transceiver2) Медицина: радиоиммунотерапия3) Военный термин: Remote Imagery Transceiver, radar inputs test5) Строительство: request for inspection and test6) Юридический термин: Rapid Intervention Team7) Оптика: rod in tube8) Сокращение: Radio Interface Terminal, Remote Image Transceiver system, Royal Institute of Technology9) Университет: Rochester Institute Of Technology10) Электроника: Receiver Incremental Tuning11) Образование: Read In Text, Reduced Instructional Time12) Сетевые технологии: rate of information transfer, route information table, routing information table, скорость передачи информации, таблица информации о маршрутах, таблица информации о маршрутизации13) Авиационная медицина: response initiation time14) Расширение файла: Raw Input Thread (Microsoft)15) Аэропорты: Rio Tigre, Panama Republic -
16 rit
1) Компьютерная техника: Release Interface Tape, remote image transceiver2) Медицина: радиоиммунотерапия3) Военный термин: Remote Imagery Transceiver, radar inputs test5) Строительство: request for inspection and test6) Юридический термин: Rapid Intervention Team7) Оптика: rod in tube8) Сокращение: Radio Interface Terminal, Remote Image Transceiver system, Royal Institute of Technology9) Университет: Rochester Institute Of Technology10) Электроника: Receiver Incremental Tuning11) Образование: Read In Text, Reduced Instructional Time12) Сетевые технологии: rate of information transfer, route information table, routing information table, скорость передачи информации, таблица информации о маршрутах, таблица информации о маршрутизации13) Авиационная медицина: response initiation time14) Расширение файла: Raw Input Thread (Microsoft)15) Аэропорты: Rio Tigre, Panama Republic -
17 at
[æt, ət] prep1) ( in location of)\at sth, at the baker's beim Bäcker;she's standing \at the bar sie steht an der Theke;my number \at the office is 2154949 meine Nummer im Büro lautet 2154949;the man who lives \at number twelve der Mann, der in Nummer zwölf wohnt;I'd love to stay \at home ich möchte gerne zu Hause bleiben;John's \at work right now John ist gerade bei der Arbeit;\at the top of the stairs am oberen Treppenende;sb \at the door ( sb wanting to enter) jd an der Tür;\at sb's feet neben jds Füßen2) ( attending)we spent the afternoon \at the museum wir verbrachten den Nachmittag im Museum;\at school auf [o in] der Schule;\at university auf [o an] der Universität;\at work auf [o bei] der Arbeit;\at the institute am Institut;while he was \at his last job, he learned a lot in seiner letzten Stelle hat er eine Menge gelernt3) ( during time of)\at sth;he was defeated \at this election er wurde bei dieser Wahl geschlagen;what are you doing \at Christmas? was macht ihr an Weihnachten?;\at the weekend am Wochenende;\at night in der Nacht, nachts;our train leaves \at 2:00 unser Zug fährt um 2:00 Uhr;\at daybreak im Morgengrauen;\at nightfall bei Einbruch der Nacht;\at midnight um Mitternacht;I can't come to the phone \at the moment ich kann gerade nicht ans Telefon kommen;I'm free \at lunchtime ich habe in der Mittagspause Zeit;we always read the kids a story \at bedtime wir lesen den Kindern zum Schlafengehen immer eine Geschichte vor;\at the age of 60 im Alter von 60;most people retire \at 65 die meisten Leute gehen mit 65 in Rente;\at the beginning/ end am Anfang/Ende;\at this stage of research bei diesem Stand der Forschung;\at a time auf einmal, gleichzeitig;just wait a second - I can't do ten things \at a time eine Sekunde noch - ich kann nicht tausend Sachen auf einmal machen;his death came \at a time when the movement was split sein Tod kam zu einem Zeitpunkt, als die Bewegung auseinanderbrach;\at the time zu dieser Zeit, zu diesem Zeitpunkt;\at the same time ( simultaneously) zur gleichen Zeit, gleichzeitig;they both yelled “no!” \at the same time beide schrieen im gleichen Moment „nein!“;( on the other hand) auf der anderen Seite;I like snow - \at the same time, however, I hate the cold ich mag Schnee - andererseits hasse ich die Kälte;4) ( to amount of)he can see clearly \at a distance of 50 metres er kann auf eine Entfernung von 50 Metern noch alles erkennen;learners of English \at advanced levels Englischlernende mit fortgeschrittenen Kenntnissen;he denied driving \at 120 km per hour er leugnete, 120 km/h schnell gefahren zu sein;he drives \at any speed he likes er fährt so schnell er will;\at 50 kilometres per hour mit [o bei] 50 km/h;the horse raced to the fence \at a gallop das Pferd raste im Galopp auf den Zaun zu;the children came \at a run die Kinder kamen alle angelaufen;\at £20 für 20 Pfund;I'm not going to buy those shoes \at $150! ich zahle für diese Schuhe keine 150 Dollar!;\at that price, I can't afford it für diesen Preis kann ich es mir nicht leisten;the bells ring \at regular intervals die Glocken läuten in regelmäßigen Abständen;inflation is running \at 5% die Inflation liegt im Moment bei 5%;\at least ( at minimum) mindestens;clean the windows \at least once a week! putze die Fenster mindestens einmal pro Woche!;( if nothing else) zumindest;\at least you could say you're sorry du könntest dich zumindest entschuldigen;they seldom complained - officially \at least sie haben sich selten beschwert - zumindest offiziell;\at [the] most [aller]höchstens;I'm afraid we can only pay you £5 an hour at [the] most ich befürchte, wir können Ihnen höchstens 5 Pfund in der Stunde zahlen5) ( in state of)I love watching the animals \at play ich sehe den Tieren gerne beim Spielen zu;everything is \at a standstill alles steht still;the country was \at war das Land befand sich im Krieg;she finished \at second place in the horse race sie belegte bei dem Pferderennen den zweiten Platz;to be \at an advantage/ a disadvantage im Vorteil/Nachteil sein;to be \at fault im Unrecht sein;\at first zuerst, am Anfang;\at first they were happy together anfangs waren sie miteinander glücklich;\at last endlich, schließlich + superlshe's \at her best when she's under stress sie ist am besten, wenn sie im Stress ist;he was \at his happiest while he was still in school in der Schule war er noch am glücklichsten;\at large in Freiheit;there was a murderer \at large ein Mörder war auf freiem FußI was so depressed \at the news ich war über die Nachricht sehr frustriert;we are unhappy \at the current circumstances die gegenwärtigen Umstände machen uns unglücklich ( fam);don't be angry \at her! ärgere dich nicht über sie!;I'm amazed \at the way you can talk ich bin erstaunt, wie du reden kannst after vbmany people in the audience were crying \at the film viele Leute im Publikum weinten wegen des Films;they laughed \at her funny joke sie lachten über ihren komischen Witz;she shuddered \at the thought of flying in an airplane sie erschauderte bei dem Gedanken an einen Flug in einem Flugzeug;her pleasure \at the bouquet was plain to see ihre Freude über den Blumenstrauß war unübersehbar7) ( in response to)I'm here \at your invitation ich bin auf Ihre Einladung hin gekommen;\at your request we will send extra information auf Ihre Bitte hin senden wir Ihnen zusätzliche Informationen;\at that daraufhinhe excels \at estimating the seriousness of the offers er tut sich beim Einschätzen der Ernsthaftigkeit der Angebote hervor after adjhe's very good \at getting on with people er kann sehr gut mit Menschen umgehen;she's good \at maths but bad \at history sie ist gut in Mathematik, aber schlecht in Geschichte;he is poor \at giving instructions er kann keine guten Anweisungen geben after nhe's a failure \at love er kennt sich kaum in der Liebe austhe dog gnawed \at the bone der Hund knabberte an dem Knochen herum;she clutched \at the thin gown sie klammerte sich an den dünnen Morgenmantel;if you persevere \at a skill long enough, you will master it wenn man eine Fertigkeit lange genug trainiert, beherrscht man sie auch;to be \at sth mit etw dat beschäftigt sein;he's been \at it for at least 15 years er macht das jetzt schon seit 15 Jahrenthey smiled \at us as we drove by sie lächelten uns zu, als wir vorbeifuhren;he glanced \at his wife before he answered er warf seiner Frau einen Blick zu, bevor er antwortet;she hates it when people laugh \at her sie hasst es, ausgelacht zu werden;the kids waved \at their father die Kinder winkten ihrem Vater zu;some dogs howl \at the moon manche Hunde heulen den Mond an;the policeman rushed \at him der Polizist rannte auf ihn zu;the policy aimed \at reducing taxation die Politik hatte eine Steuerreduzierung zum Ziel;what are you hinting \at? was hast du vor?;to go \at sb jdn angreifen\at a rough guess, I'd say the job will take three or four weeks grob geschätzt würde ich sagen, die Arbeit dauert drei bis vier WochenPHRASES:to be \at the end of one's rope mit seinem Latein am Ende sein;\at hand in Reichweite;we have to use all the resources \at hand wir müssen alle verfügbaren Ressourcen einsetzen;to be \at one's wit's end mit seiner Weisheit am Ende sein;\at all überhaupt;she barely made a sound \at all sie hat fast keinen Ton von sich gegeben;I haven't been well \at all recently mir ging es in letzter Zeit gar nicht gut;I don't like him \at all ich kann ihn einfach nicht ausstehen;did she suffer \at all? hat sie denn gelitten?;I'm afraid I've got nothing \at all to say ich befürchte, ich habe gar nichts zu sagen;there was nobody at home \at all when I called dort war niemand zu Hause, als ich anrief;not \at all ( polite response) gern geschehen, keine Ursache;( definitely not) keineswegs, überhaupt [o durchaus] nicht;I'm not \at all in a hurry - please don't rush ich habe es wirklich nicht eilig - renne bitte nicht so;to get \at sth auf etw hinaus wollen [o abzielen];\at that noch dazu;New York is where it's \at, stylewise in New York ist modemäßig richtig was los ( fam) -
18 unit
1) компонент; блок; модуль2) единица•- accumulator unit
- actuating unit
- addressing unit
- analog processing unit
- analytic unit
- answerback unit
- answering unit
- antitheft unit
- astronomical unit
- attached unit
- audio response unit
- auto setup unit
- automatic calling unit
- automatic control unit
- automatic network unit
- automatic-dialing unit
- auxiliary memory unit
- auxiliary servicing unit
- bad unit
- balancing unit
- base unit
- basic transmission unit
- bistable unit
- break-contact unit
- built-in heat protecting unit
- burglar-alarm unit
- calibration unit
- calling devices unit
- calling unit
- camera select unit
- camera-channel unit
- camera-control unit
- capacitor unit
- channel service unit
- charging unit
- clocking unit
- command network unit
- command protocol data unit
- communication control unit
- converter unit
- crosstalk unit
- data interface unit
- data transit unit
- data-handling unit
- dc control unit
- decoupling unit
- delay unit
- device control unit
- dial-backup unit
- dialing unit
- digital processing unit
- electronic control unit
- electronic relay unit
- electrostatic units
- exchange-line unit
- exchange-supply unit
- expedited-data unit
- fast-operating unit
- fast-operation unit
- feeding unit
- file-storage unit
- filter unit
- flyaway unit
- frequency conversion unit
- frequency lock-in unit
- frequency selection unit
- Gaussian units
- generator unit
- heat-control unit
- incoming local unit
- incoming toll unit
- incoming-line unit
- independent supply unit
- independent synchronizing unit
- indicator unit
- information unit
- input unit
- integrator unit
- internal unit
- internetworking unit
- junction line unit
- key-telephone unit
- lighting load monitoring unit
- line-connection unit
- lobe-attaching unit
- local unit
- locomotive radio components supply unit
- lone-signal unit
- loudness unit
- magnetic-tape unit
- main control unit
- main fax unit
- main memory unit
- mains synchronizing unit
- matching unit
- media interface unit
- medium attachment unit
- memory unit
- message recording unit
- microprocessor unit
- mine communication supply unit
- modular unit
- motor amplifier unit
- multipath unit
- multiprocessor unit
- multisection switching unit
- network terminating unit
- N-unit
- office interface unit
- off-line unit
- on-door speakers unit
- operational unit
- outgoing line unit
- output unit
- pan/tilt unit
- peripheral unit
- phase-shifting unit
- phasing unit
- power supply unit
- power unit
- printing unit
- processing unit
- program unit
- programming unit
- quad-on-line unit
- quartz crystal unit
- quick-disconnect control unit
- radio frequency unit
- radio station unit
- rectifier unit
- reference generator unit
- regeneration unit
- registrating unit
- relay testing unit
- relay unit
- remote control unit
- remote display unit
- remote subscriber unit
- replacement unit
- request unit
- resistor unit
- retransmission unit
- RF unit
- selective-gain unit
- self-contained unit
- sensing unit
- shared unit
- shared-control unit
- signal processing unit
- six-wire switching unit
- smooth-closing unit
- sound repetitor protection unit
- spark protecting unit
- stabilizator unit
- still picture unit
- storage unit
- studio devices unit
- sub unit
- subscriber's unit
- subundercarrier unit
- supply unit
- switch point operative communication unit
- switching unit
- synchronization signal unit
- system memory unit
- system unit
- tape unit
- telecine unit
- telecontrol unit
- telephone-control unit
- telephone-modulator unit
- teleprompter unit
- temperature-sending unit
- terminal retransmissions unit
- terminal unit
- terrestrial telemechanics unit
- three-wire switching unit
- time-base unit
- traffic unit
- transfer unit
- transit communication unit
- transmissive unit
- transmitting antenna unit
- tributary unit
- two-section switching unit
- undercarrier unit
- underground telemechanics unit
- unit of power
- vibrator unit
- video request unit
- video-out unit
- voice message control unit
- voice recognition unit
- voicememory unit
- writing unitEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > unit
-
19 NMS
- система управления сетью
- система сетевого управления
- система национального рынка
- кабель с неметаллической оболочкой
- кабель «нуль модема»
- безразмерная величина запаса по устойчивости
безразмерная величина запаса по устойчивости
(напр. ротора турбины)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
кабель «нуль модема»
Специальный кабель для соединения двух ПЭВМ между собой, в котором изменены назначения контактов сигналов приема и передачи (штырьки 3 и 2).
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]Тематики
EN
кабель с неметаллической оболочкой
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
система национального рынка
Подразделение Системы автоматической котировки Национальной ассоциации биржевых дилеров (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ)), которое дает информацию о торговле ценными бумагами в режиме реального времени. Она охватывает примерно половину всех ценных бумаг, обращающихся в Системе автоматической котировки; на нее приходится более двух третей оборота акций и более 90 % совокупной рыночной стоимости НАСДАК
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]Тематики
EN
система сетевого управления
Отвечает за управление хотя бы частью сети. Обычно NMS установлена на достаточно мощном и хорошо оснащенном компьютере для взаимодействия с локальными агентами, помогающими собирать сетевую статистику и информацию о ресурсах.
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Современный бизнес не существует без компьютерных и телекоммуникационных технологий. Информационная инфраструктура большинства компаний представляет собой сложную разнородную сеть, в состав которой входит разнообразное программное и аппаратное обеспечение многих производителей. При этом каждый производитель телекоммуникационного оборудования стремится продвигать собственные стандарты.
Основная задача при управлении компьютерными сетями - автоматизировать процесс конфигурирования и мониторинга параметров сети. Существует множество моделей и систем сетевого управления. Попробуем разобраться в этом разнообразии.
Обычно система сетевого управления представляет собой прикладную программу высокого уровня, использующую один из стандартных протоколов сетевого управления - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) или Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP). CMIP применяется в телекоммуникационных сетях, где востребованы все доступные возможности управления сетями, в то время как SNMP используется в локальных и корпоративных сетях, где достаточно минимума данных.
Основные задачи системы управления таковы:
- обеспечение высокой производительности сети;
- обеспечение удобной среды для управления сетевыми ресурсами;
- сбор информации о состоянии всех сетевых устройств;
- анализ и хранение информации о состоянии всех сетевых устройств;
- прогнозирование сбоев в работе сети.
Протоколы управления сетямиИтак, системы управления сетями используют протокол SNMP или CMIP. В систему, основанную на протоколе SNMP, входят:
- протокол взаимодействия агента и менеджера;
- язык описания моделей MIB и сообщений SNMP - язык абстрактной синтаксической нотации ASN.1;
- ограниченное количество моделей MIB (MIB-I, MIB-II, RMON, …).
Изначально протокол SNMP и база SNMP MIB разрабатывались как временное решение для управления маршрутизаторами Интернета. Но решение оказалось настолько простым, эффективным и гибким, что и по сей день оно повсеместно применяется при управлении сетевым оборудованием.
С помощью протокола SNMP можно оценить производительность сетевых устройств, количество свободных ресурсов, загруженность, а также определить множество других полезных характеристик, необходимых для управления сетевыми устройствами. SNMP - это протокол типа "запрос-ответ" (т. е. на каждый запрос менеджера должен быть передан ответ агента).
Протокол SNMP имеет не слишком большой набор команд. Команда Get-request применяется менеджером для получения от агента значения объекта по имени. Команда GetNext-request применяется менеджером, чтобы получить значение следующего объекта при последовательном обходе MIB. При помощи команды Get-response агент SNMP передает менеджеру результаты вышеперечисленных команд. Команда Set устанавливает значения объекта, а команда Trap сообщает менеджеру о возникновении какой-либо нестандартной ситуации. Кроме того, в SNMP версии 2 добавлена команда GetBulk, при помощи которой менеджер может получить несколько значений переменных за один запрос.
...[ http://www.bytemag.ru/articles/detail.php?ID=8779]
Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
система управления сетью
Объект, реализующий функции NML. NMS может также включать в себя функции уровня управления элементами (EML). Система оборудования и программ, используемая для мониторинга, управления и администрирования в сети передачи данных.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
EN
3.1.35 система управления сетью (Network Management System; NMS): Система, обеспечивающая управление оборудованием СОД и мониторинг оборудования СОД. Система управления сетью сопрягается с системой предоставления полномочий абоненту (авторизации абонента) (SAS) и с системой администрирования (управления) абонентами (SMS).
Источник: ГОСТ Р 53531-2009: Телевидение вещательное цифровое. Требования к защите информации от несанкционированного доступа в сетях кабельного и наземного телевизионного вещания. Основные параметры. Технические требования оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > NMS
-
20 network management system
- система управления сетью
- система сетевого управления; система управления сетью
- система сетевого управления
система сетевого управления
Отвечает за управление хотя бы частью сети. Обычно NMS установлена на достаточно мощном и хорошо оснащенном компьютере для взаимодействия с локальными агентами, помогающими собирать сетевую статистику и информацию о ресурсах.
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Современный бизнес не существует без компьютерных и телекоммуникационных технологий. Информационная инфраструктура большинства компаний представляет собой сложную разнородную сеть, в состав которой входит разнообразное программное и аппаратное обеспечение многих производителей. При этом каждый производитель телекоммуникационного оборудования стремится продвигать собственные стандарты.
Основная задача при управлении компьютерными сетями - автоматизировать процесс конфигурирования и мониторинга параметров сети. Существует множество моделей и систем сетевого управления. Попробуем разобраться в этом разнообразии.
Обычно система сетевого управления представляет собой прикладную программу высокого уровня, использующую один из стандартных протоколов сетевого управления - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) или Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP). CMIP применяется в телекоммуникационных сетях, где востребованы все доступные возможности управления сетями, в то время как SNMP используется в локальных и корпоративных сетях, где достаточно минимума данных.
Основные задачи системы управления таковы:
- обеспечение высокой производительности сети;
- обеспечение удобной среды для управления сетевыми ресурсами;
- сбор информации о состоянии всех сетевых устройств;
- анализ и хранение информации о состоянии всех сетевых устройств;
- прогнозирование сбоев в работе сети.
Протоколы управления сетямиИтак, системы управления сетями используют протокол SNMP или CMIP. В систему, основанную на протоколе SNMP, входят:
- протокол взаимодействия агента и менеджера;
- язык описания моделей MIB и сообщений SNMP - язык абстрактной синтаксической нотации ASN.1;
- ограниченное количество моделей MIB (MIB-I, MIB-II, RMON, …).
Изначально протокол SNMP и база SNMP MIB разрабатывались как временное решение для управления маршрутизаторами Интернета. Но решение оказалось настолько простым, эффективным и гибким, что и по сей день оно повсеместно применяется при управлении сетевым оборудованием.
С помощью протокола SNMP можно оценить производительность сетевых устройств, количество свободных ресурсов, загруженность, а также определить множество других полезных характеристик, необходимых для управления сетевыми устройствами. SNMP - это протокол типа "запрос-ответ" (т. е. на каждый запрос менеджера должен быть передан ответ агента).
Протокол SNMP имеет не слишком большой набор команд. Команда Get-request применяется менеджером для получения от агента значения объекта по имени. Команда GetNext-request применяется менеджером, чтобы получить значение следующего объекта при последовательном обходе MIB. При помощи команды Get-response агент SNMP передает менеджеру результаты вышеперечисленных команд. Команда Set устанавливает значения объекта, а команда Trap сообщает менеджеру о возникновении какой-либо нестандартной ситуации. Кроме того, в SNMP версии 2 добавлена команда GetBulk, при помощи которой менеджер может получить несколько значений переменных за один запрос.
...[ http://www.bytemag.ru/articles/detail.php?ID=8779]
Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
система сетевого управления; система управления сетью
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
EN
система управления сетью
Объект, реализующий функции NML. NMS может также включать в себя функции уровня управления элементами (EML). Система оборудования и программ, используемая для мониторинга, управления и администрирования в сети передачи данных.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
EN
3.1.35 система управления сетью (Network Management System; NMS): Система, обеспечивающая управление оборудованием СОД и мониторинг оборудования СОД. Система управления сетью сопрягается с системой предоставления полномочий абоненту (авторизации абонента) (SAS) и с системой администрирования (управления) абонентами (SMS).
Источник: ГОСТ Р 53531-2009: Телевидение вещательное цифровое. Требования к защите информации от несанкционированного доступа в сетях кабельного и наземного телевизионного вещания. Основные параметры. Технические требования оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > network management system
- 1
- 2
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